AM/IS/ARE

TO BE [IS / AM / ARE]

My name is Lisa.
I'm 22.
I'm American. I'm from Chicago.
My father is a doctor and my mother is a journalist.
I'm not married.
My favorite colour is blue.
My favorite sports are football and swimming.
I'm interested in art. 

POSITIVE 
I=> am => I'm
She, he, it, => is => She's, he's, it's, 
We, you, they=> are= > we're, you're,they're.

NEGATIVE
I am not [I'm not]
He,she,it [is not] => he's not,she's not, it's not
we,you,they [are not]=> we're not, you're not, they're not

or
he isn't
she isn't
it isn't

we aren't 
you aren't
they aren't

=> I'm cold. Can you close the window, please?
=> I'm 32 years old. My sister is 29.
=> My brother is very tall. He's a policeman.
=> John is afraid of dogs.
=> It's ten o'clock. You're late again.
=> Ann and I are good friends.
=> Your keys are on the table.

=> I'm tired but I'm not hungry.
=> Tom isn't interested in politics. He's interested in music.
=> Jane isn't at home at the moment. She's at work.
=> Those people aren't English. They're Australian.
=>It's sunny today but it isn't warm.

That's = that is
there's = there is 
here's = here is

=> Thank you. That's very kind of you.
=> Look! There's Chris.
=> "Here's your key." "Thank you."

EXERCISES
1.1 Write short form [she's/ we aren't etc.].
1. She is ____she's_______
2. They are _____________
3. It is not _____________
4. That is ______________
5. I am not _____________
6. You are not ____________

to be continued
Reference:
Essential Grammar In Use [Second Edition]

SUMMARY GERUND [MEMAHAMI GERUND DENGAN MUDAH DAN GAMPANG]

KINDS OF GERUND
1. As a subject.
    Example: Reading makes me clever.
2. As a complement.
    Example: His hobby is fishing.
3. As and object of preposition.
    Example: She accused of lying her friends.
4. As an object of verb.
    Example: He has admitted taking my bag.
5. As a noun modifier.
    Example: Reading book, meeting hall.
6. As a noun head.
    Example: Good writing, good painting.
7. As a noun appositive.
    She has bad habit, gambling.
8. As a short prohibition.
    Example: No smoking, no crying, no talking, no kidding.


KEYS OF GERUND
1. After adjective
    Example: This is a beautiful painting.
2. After demonstrative adjective
    Example: Whose crying always makes you sad.
3. After other verbs
    Example: I don't mind helping you.

SUMMARY GERUND [MEMAHAMI GERUND DENGAN MUDAH DAN GAMPANG]

KINDS OF GERUND
1. As a subject.
    Example: Reading makes me clever.
2. As a complement.
    Example: His hobby is fishing.
3. As and object of preposition.
    Example: She accused of lying her friends.
4. As an object of verb.
    Example: He has admitted taking my bag.
5. As a noun modifier.
    Example: Reading book, meeting hall.
6. As a noun head.
    Example: Good writing, good painting.
7. As a noun appositive.
    She has bad habit, gambling.
8. As a short prohibition.
    Example: No smoking, no crying, no talking, no kidding.


KEYS OF GERUND
1. After adjective
    Example: This is a beautiful painting.
2. After demonstrative adjective
    Example: Whose crying always makes you sad.
3. After other verbs
    Example: I don't mind helping you.

TOFEFL (DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSE)

1. She wanted the children to come to the dining room , so that _________________ can have dinner together.
    a. she
    b. we
    c. you
    d. they

2. The victims of flood ______________ we have collected money and clothes are now housed in barracks outside the town.
    a. which
    b. whose
    c. for whom
    d. whom

3. There are tourists, _____________ are Japanese,

TOFEFL (DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSE)

1. She wanted the children to come to the dining room , so that _________________ can have dinner together.
    a. she
    b. we
    c. you
    d. they

2. The victims of flood ______________ we have collected money and clothes are now housed in barracks outside the town.
    a. which
    b. whose
    c. for whom
    d. whom

3. There are tourists, _____________ are Japanese,

TOEFL (WORD ORDER)

TOEFL (WORD ORDER)

 

1.  "Does he often come to this museum?" No, ____________"

     a. he has visited it only once.

     b. only has has visited once.

     c. he has once visited it only.

     d. once he has only visited it.

2. "I'd like to book three standard rooms for next week, please,"

    "I'm sorry, Sir, our hotel _____________ until the end of the month."

     a. it is fully booked.

     b. we book it fully.

     c. it fully booked.

     d. booking it fully.

3. Which of the following sentences is correct?

    a. early the farmer left home in the morning.

    b. the farmer left home in the morning early.

    c. the farmer left home early in the morning.

    d. the farmer in the morning left home early.

4. "Tuti came home very late last night. Where did Budiman take her to?"

    a. she took him to the movies last night.

    b. he took her last night to the movies.

    c. last night, she took him to the movies.

    d. He took her to the movies last night.

5. Which of the following sentences is correct?

    a. Ati usually writers me on my birthday a long letter.

    b. usually Ati on my birthday writes me a long letter.

    c. Ati usually writes me along letter on my birthday.

    d. usually a long letter Ati writes me on my birthday.

 

6. When Tomoko a Japanese was asked __________ of the museum, she quickly replied that it had taught her a great deal about the History of Kraton Jogja.

   a. what did she think.

   b. about thinking.

   c. what she taught. 

   d. what she did think.

7. "She is one of the ten best dressed women in town."

    "Really? ______ ?

    a. does she always dress herself so fashionably.

    b. does she always so fashionably dress herself.

    c. does she so fashionably always dress herself.

    d. does she dress herself so fashionably always.

 

8. As European artists began flocking to Bali  in the 1930s, western influences ________ into Balinese art.

   a. were gradually introduced.

   b. gradually introduced.

   c. to be gradually introduced.

   d. they are gradually introduced.

 

9. "What do you think about the location of our new restaurant?"

    "Excellent, ____________ in the centre of the town."

    a. which location is strategical.

    b. locating it stategically.

    c. it is strategically located.

    d. the strategical location.

 

10. "Why is he searching every drawer?"

     "Let's ask him ________ "

     a. what is he looking for?

     b. is he looking for something?

     c. if he looks for something.

     d. what he is looking for.

 

Answer Keys :

1. A

2. C

3. C

4. D

5. C

6. C

7. A

8. A

9. C

10. D

 

TOEFL (PASSIVE VOICE)

PASSIVE VOICE

1.  I am still waiting ________________ for an interview.

     a. to be called

     b. be calling

     c. be called

     d. to call

2. "You seem to be waiting for something these days." 

   "That's true; I'm waiting ___________ for an interview."

    a. called

    b. to call

    c. be called

    d. calling

3. Potatoes, now a major source of food worldwide, _______________ to Europe by the Spanish in the 16th century.

    a. were brought

    b. had been brought

    c. were being brought

    d. brought

4. The importance of the laser lies in the great variety of its uses and the great number of benefits _________ in the field of medicine.

   a. is expected

   b. expected

   c. it expects

   d. expecting

5. "Hasn't Anita submitted her report yet?"

    "I don't think so. It ________ ."

     a. be printing

     b. is printing

     c. is being printed

     d. being printed

6. "I haven't got the report on the seminar held last week"

    "I'm sure it ____________ on your desk yesterday"

    a. put

    b. was put

    c. being put

    d. putting

7. "When will the debate contest take place this year?"

     "I'll let you know later as it ______."

     a. has not scheduled yet

     b. has to schedule

     c. has been scheduling

     d. has not been scheduled yet

8. "Have you finished writing your final paper?" "Not quite." 

     From the above dialogue we may conclude that the paper ______________

    a. is ready to be submitted

    b. still has to be publised

    c. is rejected by the examiners

    d. still needs revising

9. "What time will the delayed plane depart?"

    "They say that it ___________ soon."

     a. will announce

     b. is to announce

     c. to be annnounced

     d. will be announced

10. The ex-president passed away before having the chance _______ on trial.

      a. put

      b. to put

      c. be put

      d. to be put.

Answer Keys :

1. A

2. C

3. A

4. A

5. C

6. B

7. D

8. D

9. D

10. D

 

TOEFL (CONCORD/AGREEMENT)

CONCORD (AGREEMENT)

1.  Both my brother and I refused to sign the petition. Nobody could force ___________ to do it.

     a. him
     b. them
     c. me
     d. us

2. Mrs. Tamara's way of teaching and of dealing with the students __________ her the name of model teacher.
    a. has earned
    b. to have earned
    c. have been earning
    d. has to earn

3. Due to the monetary crisis, the number of people without jobs __________ at the moment.
    a. increase
    b. is increasing
    c. increased
    d. was increasing

4. Different interpretations on the same event by various newspapers ________ readers confused and angry.
    a. to make
    b. they make
    c. makes
    d. make

5. Farmers in this area lack means of transport to move their products to the market. ______ vital role in the region's development has been neglected by the local government.
    a. their
    b. its
    c. the market's
    d. the farmers'

6. The burden of economic problems ________ the majority of Indonesian people.
    a. have been frustrated.
    b. deeply frustrate
    c. has frustrated
    d. are frustrated

7. My brother and I were invited to attend the opening ceremony of our neighbour's restaurant; however, neither of us ________ come.
   a. was able to
   b. be able to
   c. are able to
   d. have been able to

8. The installation of various high-tech electrical devices in our office _______ a sophisticated safety system.
    a. requiring
    b. require
    c. requires
    d. to require

9. So far this term, the student in the writing class have learned how to write thesis statements, _______ , and summarize their conclusions.
    a. their materials organization
    b. the organizing of their materials
    c. organize their materials
    d. how their materials are organized

10. "Most of our company rules were set up in 1980, I think Dome needs revising."
      "That's right, until now, none of them"
     a. is ever revised
     b. was ever revised
     c. will ever be revised
     d. has ever been revised

Answer Keys:
1. D
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. C
10. D

TOEFL (CONCORD/AGREEMENT)

CONCORD (AGREEMENT)

1.  Both my brother and I refused to sign the petition. Nobody could force ___________ to do it.

     a. him
     b. them
     c. me
     d. us

2. Mrs. Tamara's way of teaching and of dealing with the students __________ her the name of model teacher.
    a. has earned
    b. to have earned
    c. have been earning
    d. has to earn

3. Due to the monetary crisis, the number of people without jobs __________ at the moment.
    a. increase
    b. is increasing
    c. increased
    d. was increasing

4. Different interpretations on the same event by various newspapers ________ readers confused and angry.
    a. to make
    b. they make
    c. makes
    d. make

5. Farmers in this area lack means of transport to move their products to the market. ______ vital role in the region's development has been neglected by the local government.
    a. their
    b. its
    c. the market's
    d. the farmers'

6. The burden of economic problems ________ the majority of Indonesian people.
    a. have been frustrated.
    b. deeply frustrate
    c. has frustrated
    d. are frustrated

7. My brother and I were invited to attend the opening ceremony of our neighbour's restaurant; however, neither of us ________ come.
   a. was able to
   b. be able to
   c. are able to
   d. have been able to

8. The installation of various high-tech electrical devices in our office _______ a sophisticated safety system.
    a. requiring
    b. require
    c. requires
    d. to require

9. So far this term, the student in the writing class have learned how to write thesis statements, _______ , and summarize their conclusions.
    a. their materials organization
    b. the organizing of their materials
    c. organize their materials
    d. how their materials are organized

10. "Most of our company rules were set up in 1980, I think Dome needs revising."
      "That's right, until now, none of them"
     a. is ever revised
     b. was ever revised
     c. will ever be revised
     d. has ever been revised

Answer Keys:
1. D
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. C
10. D

USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE WITH ALWAYS

USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE WITH ALWAYS

(a) Mary always leaves for school at 7:45

(b) Mary is always leaving her dirty socks on the floor for me to pick up! Who does she think I am? Her maid?

 (c) I am always/forever/constantly picking up Mary's dirty socks!

In sentences referring to present time, usually the simple present is used with always to describe habitual or everyday activities, as in (a).

In special circumstances, a speaker may use the present progressive with always to complain, i.e., to express annoyance or anger, as in (b).*

In addition to always, the words forever and constantly are used with the present progressive to express annoyance.

*COMPARE :

"Mary is always leaving her dirty socks on the floor" expresses annoyance.

"Mary always leaves her dirty socks on the floor" is a statement of fact in which the speaker is not necessarily expressing an attitude of annoyance. Annoyance may, however, be included in the speaker's tone of voice.

PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS

PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS WITH ADJECTIVES AND VERBS.

A.
be absent from
     accuse of
be accustomed to
be acquainted with
be addicted to
be afraid of
     agree with
be angry at, with
be  annoyed with
      apologize for
      apply to, for
       approve of
      argue with, about
      arrive in, at
be associated with
be aware of

B.
    believe in
    blame for
be blessed with
be bored with

C.
be capable of
     care about, for
be cluttered with
be committed to
     compare to, with
     complain about
be composed of
be concerned about
be connected to
     consist of
be content with
     contribute to
be convinced of
be coordinated with
     count (up) on
     cover with
be crowded with

D.
    decide (up) on
be dedicated to
     depend (up) on
be devoted to
be disappointed in, with
be discriminated against
     distinguish from
be divorced from
be done with
     dream of, about
be dressed in

E.
be engaged to
be envious of
be equipped with
     escape from
     ecxel in
be excited about
     excuse for
be exposed to

F.
be faithful to
be familiar with
     feel like
     fight for
be filled with
be finished with
be fond of
    forget about
    forgive for
be friendly to,with
be furnished with

H.
    hide from
    hope for

I.
be innocent of
     insist (up) on
be intersted in
be involved in

J.
be jealous of

K. 
be known for

L.
be limited to
    look forward to

M.
be made of, from
be married to

O.
    object to
be opposed to

P.
   participate in
be patient with
be polite with
     pray for
be prepared for
     prevent from
     prohibit from
     protect from
be provided with
be proud of
    provide with

R.
   recover from
be related to
be relevant to
    rely (up) on
be remembered for
    rescue from
    respond to
be responsible for

S.
be satisfied with
be scared of
    stare at
    stop from
    subscribe to
    substitute for
    succeed in

T.
    take advantage of
    take care of
be terrified of
    thank for
be tired of, from

U.
be upset with
be used to

V.
    vote for.

W. 
be worried about

source : Understanding and Using English Grammar, Betty Schrampfer Azar.
     

PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS

PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS WITH ADJECTIVES AND VERBS.

A.
be absent from
     accuse of
be accustomed to
be acquainted with
be addicted to
be afraid of
     agree with
be angry at, with
be  annoyed with
      apologize for
      apply to, for
       approve of
      argue with, about
      arrive in, at
be associated with
be aware of

B.
    believe in
    blame for
be blessed with
be bored with

C.
be capable of
     care about, for
be cluttered with
be committed to
     compare to, with
     complain about
be composed of
be concerned about
be connected to
     consist of
be content with
     contribute to
be convinced of
be coordinated with
     count (up) on
     cover with
be crowded with

D.
    decide (up) on
be dedicated to
     depend (up) on
be devoted to
be disappointed in, with
be discriminated against
     distinguish from
be divorced from
be done with
     dream of, about
be dressed in

E.
be engaged to
be envious of
be equipped with
     escape from
     ecxel in
be excited about
     excuse for
be exposed to

F.
be faithful to
be familiar with
     feel like
     fight for
be filled with
be finished with
be fond of
    forget about
    forgive for
be friendly to,with
be furnished with

H.
    hide from
    hope for

I.
be innocent of
     insist (up) on
be intersted in
be involved in

J.
be jealous of

K. 
be known for

L.
be limited to
    look forward to

M.
be made of, from
be married to

O.
    object to
be opposed to

P.
   participate in
be patient with
be polite with
     pray for
be prepared for
     prevent from
     prohibit from
     protect from
be provided with
be proud of
    provide with

R.
   recover from
be related to
be relevant to
    rely (up) on
be remembered for
    rescue from
    respond to
be responsible for

S.
be satisfied with
be scared of
    stare at
    stop from
    subscribe to
    substitute for
    succeed in

T.
    take advantage of
    take care of
be terrified of
    thank for
be tired of, from

U.
be upset with
be used to

V.
    vote for.

W. 
be worried about

source : Understanding and Using English Grammar, Betty Schrampfer Azar.
     

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES : INTRODUCTION

Terms : 

clause : a clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.

independent clause : an independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the  main subject and verb of a sentence. (It is also called a main clause.)

dependent clause : a dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause.

adjective clause : an adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun. (an adjective clause is also called a relative clause.)

USING SUBJECT PRONOUNS :

WHO, WHICH, THAT

I thanked the woman. 

She helped me.

 ↓

a. I thanked the woman who helped me.

b. I thanked the woman that helped me.

The book is mine.

It is on the table.

↓

c. The book which is on the table is mine.

d. The book that is on the table is mine.

NOTE :

In (a) : I thank the woman = an independent clause.

           who helped me = an adjective clause.

The adjective clause modifies the noun woman.

in (a) : who is the subject of the adjective clause.

in (b) : that is the subject of the adjective clause.

Note: (a) and (b) have the same meaning.

who = used for people.

which = used for things.

that = used for both people and things.

TEST : Combine the two sentences. Use the second sentence as an adjective clause.

1. I saw the man. He closed the door. →

    I saw the man {who/that} closed the door.

2. The girl is happy. She won the race. 

3. The student is from China. He sits next to me.

4. The students are from China. They sit in the front row.

5. We are studying sentences. They contain adjective clauses.

6. I am using a sentence. It contains an adjective clause.

7. Algebra problems contain letters. They stand for unknown numbers.

8. The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to the airport.

USING OBJECT PRONOUNS :

WHO(M), WHICH,THAT

1. PRONOUN USED AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB

    The man was Mr. Jones.

    I saw Him.

          ↓

(e) The man    who(m)    I saw was Mr. Jones.

(f) The man    that            I saw was Mr. Jones.

(g)                   Ø               I saw was Mr. Jones.


   The movie wasn't very good.
   We saw it last night.
                  ↓
   (h) The movie     which    we saw last night wasn't very good.
   (i)  The movie      that       we saw last night wasn't very good.
   (j)  The movie      Ø           we saw last night wasn't very good.


Notice in the examples:
The adjective clause pronouns are placed at the beginning of the clause. (General guideline: Place an adjective clause pronoun as close as possible to the noun it modifies.)

In (e): who is usually used instead of whom, especially in speaking. Whom is generally used only in very formal English.

In (g) and (j) : an object pronoun is often omitted from an adjective clause. (A subject pronoun, however, may not be omitted.)

who(m) = used for people
which = used for things.
that =  used for both people and things.


TEST :
Combine the sentences, using the second sentences as an adjective clause. Give all the possible patterns.

1. The book was good. I read it.
2. I like the woman. I met her at the party last night.
3. I liked the composition. You wrote it.
4. The people were very nice. We visited them yesterday.

2. PRONOUN USED AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION
    She is the woman.
    I told you about her.
                     ↓
   (k) She is the woman    about whom     I told you.
   (l)  She is the woman    who(m)              I told you about.
  (m) She is the woman    that                    I told you about.
   (n)  She is the woman   Ø                        I told you about.

   The music was good.
    We listened to it last night.
    (o) The music     to which     we listened           last night   was good.
    (p) The music          which     we listened to      last night   was good.
    (q) The music          that         we listened to      last night   was good.
    (r)  The music          Ø            we listened to      last night   was good.

In very formal English, the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause, as in (k) and (o). Usually, however, in everyday usage, the preposition comes after the subject and verb of the adjective clause, as in the other examples.

Note : If the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause, only whom or which may be used. A preposition is never immediately followed by that or who.


TEST :
Combine the sentences, using the second sentence as an adjective clause. Give all the possible patterns. 

1. The meeting was interesting. I went to it.
2. The man was very kind. I talked to him yesterday.
3. I must thank the people. I got a present from them.
4. The picture was beautiful. She was looking at it.
5. The man is standing over there. I was telling you about him.


USING WHOSE

I know the man.
His bicycle was stolen.
 ↓
(s) I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.


The student writes well.
I read her composition.
↓
The student whose composition I read  writes well.

Mr. Catt has a painting. Its value is inestimable.
(u) Mr. Catt has a painting whose value is inestimable.

Whose is used to show possession. It carries the same meaning as other possessive pronouns used as adjectives : his, her, its, and their. Like his, her, its, and their, whose is connected to a noun:
his bicycle → whose bicycle.
her composition → whose composition.

Both whose and the noun it is connected to are placed at the beginning of the adjective clause. Whose cannot be omitted.

Whose usually modifies "People", but it may also be used to modify "things," as in (u).


TEST :
Combine the two sentences, using the second sentence as an adjective clause.
1. I apologized to the woman. I spilled her coffee.
2. The man called the police. His wallet was stolen.
3. I met the woman. Her husband is the president of the corporation.
4. The professor is excellent. I am taking her course.
5. Mr. North teaches a class for students. Their native language is not English.
6. I come from a Country. Its history goes back thousands of years.
7. The people were nice. We visited their house.
8. I live in a dormitory. Its residents come from many countries.
9. I have to call the man. I accidentally picked up his umbrella after the meeting.
10. The man poured a glass of water on his face. His beard caught on fire when he lit a cigarette.



USING WHERE

The building is very old.
He lives there (in that building).

(a) The building   where        he lives         is very old.
(b) The building   in which    he lives          is very old.
     The building   which        he lives in      is very old.
     The building   that           he lives in      is very old.
     The building   Ø              he lives in       is very old.

Where is used in an adjective clause to modify a place (city, country, room, house, etc).
If where is used, a preposition is not included in the adjective clause. If where is not used, the preposition must be included.

TEST :
Combine the sentences, using the second sentence as an adjective clause.

1. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there (in that city).
2. That is the restaurant. I will meet you there (at that restaurant).
3. The town is small. I grew up there (in that town).
4. That is the drawer. I keep my jewelry there (in that drawer).



USING WHEN

I'll never forget the day.
I met you then (on that day)
(c) I'll never forget the day    when         I met you.
(d) I'll never forget the day    on which   I met you.
(e) I'll never forget the day    that           I met you.
(f) I'll never forget the day    Ø              I met you.

When is used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time (year,day, time, century,etc).
The use of a preposition in an adjective clause that modifies a noun of time is somewhat different from that in other adjective clauses: A preposition is used preceding which, as in (d). Otherwise, the preposition is omitted.

TEST :
Combine the sentences, using the second sentences as an adjective clause.
1. Monday is the day. We will come then (on that day).
2. 7:05 is the time. My plane arrives then (at that time).
3. 1960 is the year. The revolution took place then (in that year).
4. July is the month. The weather is usually the hottest then (in that month).























                     

ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

1. The ________________ child ran to his mother when he heard the thunder.
    a. frightened.
    b. frighten.
    c. frightens
    d. frightening.

2. Sometimes life must be very unpleasant for people _______________ near airports.
    a. live.
    b. be living.
    c. living.
    d. they lived.

3. Two of my friends _______________ in the school fights last weekend have been arrested by the police.
    a. they were involved.
    b. involved.
    c. to be involved.
    c. involving.

4. The accident _____________ a bus and two cars took the lives of four people and injured numerous others.
    a. to involve.
    b. involving.
    c. it involved.
    d. it involves.

5. "He needs a visa because he is a foreigner."
    We can also say : "______________ , he needs a visa."
    a. in being a foreigner.
    b. having been a foreigner.
    c. to be a foreigner.
    d. being a foreigner.

6. "Having seen the movie before, I did not find it as exciting as it had been."
     The above sentence means ____________________
     a. the movie is very interesting.
     b. she has watched the film at last twice.
     c. because the movie was not exciting, she did not watch it again.
     d. she watched the movie and she not like it.

7. Having read the document carefully, __________________
    a. the manager signed it.
    b. the manager's signature was affixed.
    c. the document is signed by the manager.
    d. it was signed by the manager.

8. "I met Prof. Dr. KH. FIkri Farikhin,M.Pd.I,MM last week."
    "you mean the man ______________ you the letter of recommendation for your scholarship?"
    a. give.
    b. to give.
    c. giving.
    d. given.

9. Being manufactured domestically, _____________-
    a. a foreign brand should not be given to the product.
    b. the product should not be given a foreign brand.
    c. the company should not give the product a foreign brand.
    d. the product's brand should not be a foreign brand.

10. Tessy _______________ looks pale right.
      a. which wearing a green shirt.
      b. who wearing a green shirt.
      c. wearing a green shirt.
      d. is wearing a green shirt.

11. The man __________________ beside me was my boyfriend.
      a. stood.
      b. standing.
      c. is standing.
      d. stands.

12. ______________ white, the building looks luxurious.
      a. painted.
      b. to be painted.
      c. to paint.
      d. painting.

13. Having typed the novel, _____________
      a. the man printed it.
      b. the file was printed by the man.
      c. the file was printed by the man.
      d. it was printed by the man.

14. "I have an appointment with my boss."
       "Do you mean the man _____________ a new car?"
       a. drive.
       b. drives.
       c. driving.
       d. to drive.

15. "He must see a doctor soon because he is seriously injured."
       We can also say: "_____________ , he must see a doctor."
       a.  by being seriously injured.
       b. to be seriously injured.
       c. in being seriously injured.
       d. having been seriously injured.

Answer Key :
1.  A
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. C
11. B
12. A
13. A
14. C
15. D

ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

1. The ________________ child ran to his mother when he heard the thunder.
    a. frightened.
    b. frighten.
    c. frightens
    d. frightening.

2. Sometimes life must be very unpleasant for people _______________ near airports.
    a. live.
    b. be living.
    c. living.
    d. they lived.

3. Two of my friends _______________ in the school fights last weekend have been arrested by the police.
    a. they were involved.
    b. involved.
    c. to be involved.
    c. involving.

4. The accident _____________ a bus and two cars took the lives of four people and injured numerous others.
    a. to involve.
    b. involving.
    c. it involved.
    d. it involves.

5. "He needs a visa because he is a foreigner."
    We can also say : "______________ , he needs a visa."
    a. in being a foreigner.
    b. having been a foreigner.
    c. to be a foreigner.
    d. being a foreigner.

6. "Having seen the movie before, I did not find it as exciting as it had been."
     The above sentence means ____________________
     a. the movie is very interesting.
     b. she has watched the film at last twice.
     c. because the movie was not exciting, she did not watch it again.
     d. she watched the movie and she not like it.

7. Having read the document carefully, __________________
    a. the manager signed it.
    b. the manager's signature was affixed.
    c. the document is signed by the manager.
    d. it was signed by the manager.

8. "I met Prof. Dr. KH. FIkri Farikhin,M.Pd.I,MM last week."
    "you mean the man ______________ you the letter of recommendation for your scholarship?"
    a. give.
    b. to give.
    c. giving.
    d. given.

9. Being manufactured domestically, _____________-
    a. a foreign brand should not be given to the product.
    b. the product should not be given a foreign brand.
    c. the company should not give the product a foreign brand.
    d. the product's brand should not be a foreign brand.

10. Tessy _______________ looks pale right.
      a. which wearing a green shirt.
      b. who wearing a green shirt.
      c. wearing a green shirt.
      d. is wearing a green shirt.

11. The man __________________ beside me was my boyfriend.
      a. stood.
      b. standing.
      c. is standing.
      d. stands.

12. ______________ white, the building looks luxurious.
      a. painted.
      b. to be painted.
      c. to paint.
      d. painting.

13. Having typed the novel, _____________
      a. the man printed it.
      b. the file was printed by the man.
      c. the file was printed by the man.
      d. it was printed by the man.

14. "I have an appointment with my boss."
       "Do you mean the man _____________ a new car?"
       a. drive.
       b. drives.
       c. driving.
       d. to drive.

15. "He must see a doctor soon because he is seriously injured."
       We can also say: "_____________ , he must see a doctor."
       a.  by being seriously injured.
       b. to be seriously injured.
       c. in being seriously injured.
       d. having been seriously injured.

Answer Key :
1.  A
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. C
11. B
12. A
13. A
14. C
15. D

“USED TO”, “GET USED TO”, “BE USED TO”, “WILL GET USED TO”

“USED TO”, “GET USED TO”, “BE USED TO”, “WILL GET USED TO”

Used to + bare infinitive

We use the expression “Used to” when we talk about a position in the past that doesn’t exist in the present. “used to” is followed by the base form of the verb (bare infinitive). 

Example :  

- He used to live in Chicago but now I live in England

Get used + gerund

The expression “get used to” means to become accustomed to doing something in present time. Get used to is also followed by a gerund.

Example :   

I get used to doing more responsibility at work.

I get used to this new computer.  

Be used to + gerund / noun

The expression “be used to” means to be accustomed to.

If you are used to doing something, it means that, the situation does not seem strange to you, that it is normal. Be used to is followed by a gerund or noun.

Example :

I am used to walking a mile to school each day.

Lifa is used to walking  a mile to school each day.

I am not used to living with a roommate. I used to live alone.

I am used to this condition.

Being student of ELCA, I am used to speaking English.

Will get used to + gerund / noun

The expression “will get used to” means “to be going to become accustomed” to doing something in future time.

Example :

you will get used to speaking English, when you will be living in the middle of American.

You don’t need to think about the season, just go and you will get used to the season.

Short story :

One upon time in china. I was a student at one of the Universities. I used to have close friend whose name was Chu. She used to be my everything. But I lose her forever, after something happened on September 22^nd 2010. Today I have no one with me but I am used to living with nobody. I was wondering .....if I could come back to china once again.

PREFERENCES

PREFERENCES

Preference  is used when somebody faces two choices and than the one should choose either of them.

A.      S + PREFER + NOUN + TO + NOUN

·      He prefers cats to dogs.

·      He doesn’t prefer cats to dogs.

·      Does he prefer cats to dogs?

B.       S + PREFER + GERUND + TO + GERUND

·               They prefer singing to dancing

·               They don’t prefer singing to dancing

·               Do they prefer singing to dancing?

C.      S + PREFER + TO V-1 + THAN + TO V-1

·      She prefers to study at home than to see the cinema.

·      She doesn’t prefer to study at home than to see the cinema.

·      Does she prefer to study at home than to see the cinema?

D.      S + PREFER + TO V-1 + THAN + (TO) V-1

·                                                                                                                                                I prefer to speak than (to) write.

·                                                                                                                                                I don’t prefer to speak than (to) write.

·                                                                                                                                                Do I prefer to speak than (to) write?

E.       S + WOULD PREFER + TO V-1 + RATHER THAN + …….

·                                                                                                                                                I’d prefer to stay in a house rather than (to stay) in a hotel.

·                                                                                                                                                I’d not prefer to stay in a house rather than (to stay) in a hotel.

·                                                                                                                                                Would I prefer to stay in a house rather than (to stay) in hotel?

F.       S + WOULD RATHER + V-1 + THAN + V-1

·                                                                                                                                                I’d rather study at night than (study) in the morning.

(bentuk (-) nya dengan meletakkan not setelah rather)

·                                                                                                                                                I’d rather not study at night than (study) in morning.

·                                                                                                                                                Would I rather study at night than (study) in the morning?

G.      S + WOULD RATHER + BE + V-ING + THAN + BE + V-ING

·                                                                                                                                                I’d rather be standing than (be) sitting.

·                                                                                                                                                I’d rather not be standing than (be) sitting.

·                                                                                                                                                Would I rather be standing than (be) sitting?

H.      S + LIKE + GERUND + BETTER THAN + GERUND

·                                                                                                                                                He likes running better than swimming.

·                                                                                                                                                He doesn’t like running better than swimming

·                                                                                                                                                Does he like running better than swimming?

I.    S + LIKE + NOUN + BETTER THAN + NOUN

·      They like mangoes better than apples.

·      They don’t like mangoes better than apples.

·      Do they like mangoes better than apples?

J.   S + HAD BETTER + V-1

·      She had better study tonight.

·      She had better not study study tonight.

          (not diletakkan setelah better, jika disingkat not diletakkan bergabung dengan had)

·      She hadn’t better study tonight.

·      Had she better study tonight?