CONJUNCTION[1]
(KATA SAMBUNG)
Conjunction adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan antar kata (word), antar frase (phrase), antar kata (word) dan frase (phrase), antar klausa (clause) dan antar kalimat (sentence).
Antar kata (word).
She and I had dinner in cafe last night.
Antar frase (phrase).
Your sister and his sister are my friends.
Antar kata (word) dan frase (phrase).
I and my father will go to Borneo tomorrow.
Antar klausa (clause).
She came here after she finished her duty in her house.
Antar kalimat (sentence)
Jasmine drinks a glass of milk andSimon drinks a cup of coffee.
Dalam bahasa Inggris ada dua macam Conjunctions.
Coordinating Conjunction
Subordinating Conjunction
Coordinating conjunction ialah kata sambung yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan sesuatu yang setara secara grammatikal.
Ada 7 (tujuh) kata yang tergolong Coordinating Conjunction, yaitu, for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, yang sering disingkat menjadi FANBOYS.
e.g. :
She remained silent, for her heart was heavy and her spirit was low.
He plays squash and rugby.
She norhe likes you.
We enjoyed our vocation a lot, but it was expensive.
You should eat more, or you will make yourself ill.
Melissa was not doing well in her physics course, yet overall she had a B average.
My knee started hurting, so I stopped running.
Sebagian dari Coodinating Conjunction biasanya bergandengan (berpasangan) satu sama lainnya, maka beberapa Coordinating Conjunction ini disebut dengan istilah Correlative Conjunction[2], yaitu:
Both ……and ….. = Keduanya .... dan .... / baik .... maupun ....
(untuk 2 hal yang tercapai)
e.g. : Both Mike and Jim have red hair.
Not only …..but also….. = Tidak hanya .... tetapi juga ....
(untuk 2 hal yang tercapai)
e.g. : Not only Mike but alsoJim has red hair.
Neither …..nor ….. = Baik ....... maupun ...... tidak ....
(untuk 2 hal yang tidak tercapai)
e.g. : Neither Mike norJim is reading a novel.
Either …..or ….. = Jika bukan .... berarti .... / .... atau ....
(untuk satu hal yang tercapai)
e.g. : Either I or they are eating rice.
Untuk persesuaian (agreement) antar “Subject” dan “verb” pada correlative conjunction di atas adalah sebagai berikut:
Note : ketika conjunction di atas digunakan untuk menyambungkan antar kalimat, kata kerja yang digunakan untuk “both ... and “ adalah plural verb (kata kerja untuk subject yang jamak); sementara untuk conjunction yang lainnya, verb yang digunakan sesuai dengan subject kedua / terakhir.
Adapun Coordinating Conjunction berdasarkan pengertiannya dibagimenjadi 4 (empat) macam, yaitu:
Cumulative Conjunction
Alternative Conjunction
Adversative Conjunction
Illative Conjunction
1. Cumulative Conjunctions
Kelompok kata hubung ini menunjukan adanya tambahan informasi tentang Subjectnya. Kelompok ini meliputi:
| Cumulative conjunctions | Meaning | Example |
| And | Dan | Men and women are welcome. |
| Both ...and | Baik ...maupun | Both Helen and I will go to the party. |
| Not only ... but also | Tidak/bukan hanya ...tapi juga | Not only my sister but also your friends go to Jakarta. |
| As well as | Dan juga | Smith plays the piano as well as composes music. |
| Also | Juga | Atiek was my classmate in Senior High School; also, she’s my best friend until now. |
| Besides | Selain itu | The scientists found that the question is difficult; besides, they need to work hard to solve it. |
| Furthermore | Selanjutnya | Both gold and green kiwifruits are widely cultivated in New Zealand; furthermore, they’re distributed to our country. |
2. Alternative Conjunctions
Kelompok kata hubung ini menunjukan adanya pilihan diantara dua hal. Kelompok kata ini meliputi:
| Alternative conjunction | Meaning | Example |
| Either ....or | ... atau | Either you must stop smoking or I shall leave you. |
| Neither ... nor | Tidak/bukan ... dan juga bukan ... | Neither Mike nor Jim is reading a novel. |
| Or | Atau, kalau tidak | Hurry up, or you’ll miss it all |
| Otherwise | Jika tidak | We must run, otherwise we’ll be late. |
| Else | Kalau tidak | Run, else you’ll be late. |
3. Adversative Conjunctions
Kelompok kata hubung ini menunjukan adanya perbedaan dan kontras antara bagian yang satu dengan yang lainnya. Kelompok kata ini meliputi:
| Adversative conjunction | Meaning | Example |
| But | Kecuali | They were all there but his mother. |
| Still | Namun, tetapi ... masih | It is raining still we must go shopping. |
| However | Namun, tetapi | I couldn’t work out an answer however I thought about the problem. |
| Nevertheless | Namun | He was old and poor nevertheless he was happy. |
| Yet | Namun | Natural resources of Indonesia spread from Sabang to Meraoke; yet, they are not utilized properly. |
4. Illative Conjunction / Relative Conjunctions
Kelompok kata hubung ini menunjukan pengertian akibat (sebab) dari suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang lain, atau menunjukkan kesimpulan. Kelompok kata ini meliputi:
| Illative conjunction | Meaning | Example. |
| So | Maka | My knee started hurting, so I stopped running. |
| Accordingly | Jadi, karena itu, maka, dengan demikian | The price of nine kinds of basic needs rose sharply last year. Accordingly, this increase influenced the price of most products. |
| Consequently | Oleh karenanya | She had a fever; consequently, she stayed at home. |
| Thus | Jadi, maka | The wind was strong. Thus, I felt very cold. |
Subordinating Conjunction
Subordintang conjunction adalah kata penghubung yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan Subordinate clause (Dependent clause –anak kalimat) dengan Main Clause (induk kalimat). Kata penghubung yang termasuk dalam tipe ini adalah :
| Suborninating conjunction | Meaning | Example |
| Who | Yang | The girl who is reading a novel is my sister. |
| Which | Yang | I love that picture which can me happy. |
| Where | Yang | The teacher knows where the students are hiding. |
| Why | Mengapa | Mom doesn’t know why the washing machine is not working. |
| How | Bagaimana | Dad knows how to fix a car. |
| That | Yang | The wallet that is brought by him is gone. |
| While | Sementara /sedangkan | Uncle Sum is gardening while Patsy takes a nap. |
| Whether | Apakah | I don’t know whether it’s right or wrong. |
| Before | Sebelum | I had locked the door before I left the house. |
| Although, though | Meskipun / kendati | I have to attend the lectures although it’s going to rain. |
| Since | Sejak | We have had in a relationship since high school. |
| So that | Oleh karena itu | You are beautiful so that everybody’s attracted to you. |
| Until | Sampai | You have to wait until the bus comes. |
| As | Ketika / karena | Vina fell down the stairs as she tried to get down. |
| After | Setelah | I directly go to campus after taking a bath. |
| As if | Seolah-olah | She talks as if knowing everything. |
| In order that | Agar / supaya | You need to smile in order that she likes you. |
| Once | Segera sesudah | Intan called her boyfriend once he got a badnews. |
| Because of | Karena | My roommate is screaming because of the sudden dark. |
| Because | Karena | She did not come today because she is sick. |
| Unless | Kecuali jika | You may sign the attendance list unless you come on time. |
| If | Jika | I won’t give them a mercy if I were you. |
| Than | Daripada | You’d better find the solution soon than complaining. |
| As long as | Selama | You’re allowed to live here as long as you pay the monthly fee. |
| As far as | Sejauh | As far as I concerned, he can do whatever he likes with the money. |
[1]Penjelasan dalam buku ini sangat singkat, untuk lebih jelasnya silahkan pelajari buku Modern English, a Practical Reference Guide karya Marcella Frank
[2]Sebenarnya correlative conjunction itu ada banyak sekali. Namun yang biasa digunakan adalah yang disebutkan ini. Untuk lebih jelasnya silahkan buka Essentials of English Grammar karya Drs. Fuad Mas’ud.