CONJUNCTION[1]
(KATA SAMBUNG)
Conjunction
adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan antar
kata (word), antar frase (phrase), antar kata (word) dan frase (phrase), antar
klausa (clause) dan antar kalimat (sentence).
Antar kata (word).
She and I had dinner in cafe
last night.
Antar frase (phrase).
Your sister and his sister
are my friends.
Antar kata (word) dan frase
(phrase).
I and my father will go to
Borneo tomorrow.
Antar klausa (clause).
She came here after she finished
her duty in her house.
Antar kalimat (sentence)
Jasmine drinks a glass of milk and
Simon drinks a cup of coffee.
Dalam bahasa Inggris ada dua
macam Conjunctions.
Coordinating Conjunction
Subordinating Conjunction
Coordinating conjunction ialah kata sambung
yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan sesuatu yang setara secara grammatikal.
Ada
7 (tujuh) kata yang tergolong Coordinating Conjunction, yaitu, for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, so, yang sering disingkat menjadi FANBOYS.
e.g. :
She remained silent, for her heart was heavy and her spirit was low.
He plays squash and rugby.
She nor
he likes you.
We enjoyed our vocation a lot, but it was expensive.
You should eat more, or you will make yourself ill.
Melissa was not doing well in her physics course, yet overall she
had a B average.
My knee started hurting, so I stopped running.
Sebagian dari Coodinating
Conjunction biasanya bergandengan (berpasangan) satu sama lainnya, maka
beberapa Coordinating Conjunction ini disebut dengan istilah Correlative
Conjunction[2],
yaitu:
Both ……and ….. = Keduanya .... dan .... /
baik .... maupun ....
(untuk 2 hal
yang tercapai)
e.g. : Both Mike and Jim have red hair.
Not only …..but also….. = Tidak hanya .... tetapi juga ....
(untuk 2 hal
yang tercapai)
e.g. : Not only Mike but also
Jim has red hair.
Neither …..nor ….. = Baik ....... maupun ......
tidak ....
(untuk 2 hal
yang tidak tercapai)
e.g. : Neither Mike nor
Jim is reading a novel.
Either …..or ….. = Jika bukan .... berarti
.... / .... atau ....
(untuk satu hal
yang tercapai)
e.g. : Either I or they are eating rice.
Untuk persesuaian (agreement) antar “Subject” dan “verb”
pada correlative conjunction di atas adalah sebagai berikut:
Note : ketika
conjunction di atas digunakan untuk menyambungkan antar kalimat, kata kerja
yang digunakan untuk “both ... and “ adalah plural verb (kata kerja untuk
subject yang jamak); sementara untuk conjunction yang lainnya, verb yang
digunakan sesuai dengan subject kedua / terakhir.
Adapun Coordinating Conjunction
berdasarkan pengertiannya dibagi
menjadi 4 (empat) macam, yaitu:
Cumulative Conjunction
Alternative Conjunction
Adversative Conjunction
Illative Conjunction
1.
Cumulative Conjunctions
Kelompok kata hubung ini
menunjukan adanya tambahan informasi tentang Subjectnya. Kelompok ini meliputi:
|
Cumulative conjunctions
|
Meaning
|
Example
|
|
And
|
Dan
|
Men and women are welcome.
|
|
Both
...and
|
Baik
...maupun
|
Both Helen and I will go to the
party.
|
|
Not only
... but also
|
Tidak/bukan
hanya ...tapi juga
|
Not only my sister but also your friends go to Jakarta.
|
|
As
well as
|
Dan
juga
|
Smith
plays the piano as well as
composes music.
|
|
Also
|
Juga
|
Atiek
was my classmate in Senior High School; also, she’s my best friend until now.
|
|
Besides
|
Selain
itu
|
The
scientists found that the question is difficult; besides, they need to work hard to solve it.
|
|
Furthermore
|
Selanjutnya
|
Both
gold and green kiwifruits are widely cultivated in New Zealand; furthermore, they’re distributed to
our country.
|
2.
Alternative Conjunctions
Kelompok kata hubung ini
menunjukan adanya pilihan diantara dua hal. Kelompok kata ini meliputi:
|
Alternative conjunction
|
Meaning
|
Example
|
|
Either
....or
|
...
atau
|
Either you must stop smoking or I shall leave you.
|
|
Neither
... nor
|
Tidak/bukan
... dan juga bukan ...
|
Neither Mike nor Jim is reading a novel.
|
|
Or
|
Atau,
kalau tidak
|
Hurry
up, or you’ll miss it all
|
|
Otherwise
|
Jika
tidak
|
We
must run, otherwise we’ll be
late.
|
|
Else
|
Kalau
tidak
|
Run, else you’ll be late.
|
3.
Adversative Conjunctions
Kelompok kata hubung ini
menunjukan adanya perbedaan dan kontras antara bagian yang satu dengan yang
lainnya. Kelompok kata ini meliputi:
|
Adversative conjunction
|
Meaning
|
Example
|
|
But
|
Kecuali
|
They
were all there but his mother.
|
|
Still
|
Namun,
tetapi ... masih
|
It is
raining still we must go
shopping.
|
|
However
|
Namun,
tetapi
|
I
couldn’t work out an answer however
I thought about the problem.
|
|
Nevertheless
|
Namun
|
He
was old and poor nevertheless
he was happy.
|
|
Yet
|
Namun
|
Natural
resources of Indonesia spread from Sabang to Meraoke; yet, they are not utilized properly.
|
4.
Illative Conjunction / Relative Conjunctions
Kelompok kata hubung ini
menunjukan pengertian akibat (sebab) dari suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang
lain, atau menunjukkan kesimpulan. Kelompok kata ini meliputi:
|
Illative conjunction
|
Meaning
|
Example.
|
|
So
|
Maka
|
My
knee started hurting, so I
stopped running.
|
|
Accordingly
|
Jadi,
karena itu, maka, dengan demikian
|
The
price of nine kinds of basic needs rose sharply last year. Accordingly, this increase
influenced the price of most products.
|
|
Consequently
|
Oleh
karenanya
|
She
had a fever; consequently, she
stayed at home.
|
|
Thus
|
Jadi,
maka
|
The
wind was strong. Thus, I felt
very cold.
|
Subordinating Conjunction
Subordintang conjunction adalah
kata penghubung yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan Subordinate clause
(Dependent clause –anak kalimat) dengan Main Clause (induk kalimat). Kata
penghubung yang termasuk dalam tipe ini adalah :
|
Suborninating conjunction
|
Meaning
|
Example
|
|
Who
|
Yang
|
The
girl who is reading a novel is my sister.
|
|
Which
|
Yang
|
I
love that picture which can me happy.
|
|
Where
|
Yang
|
The
teacher knows where the students are hiding.
|
|
Why
|
Mengapa
|
Mom
doesn’t know why the washing machine is not working.
|
|
How
|
Bagaimana
|
Dad
knows how to fix a car.
|
|
That
|
Yang
|
The
wallet that is brought by him is gone.
|
|
While
|
Sementara
/sedangkan
|
Uncle
Sum is gardening while Patsy takes a nap.
|
|
Whether
|
Apakah
|
I
don’t know whether it’s right or wrong.
|
|
Before
|
Sebelum
|
I had
locked the door before I left the house.
|
|
Although,
though
|
Meskipun
/ kendati
|
I
have to attend the lectures although it’s going to rain.
|
|
Since
|
Sejak
|
We
have had in a relationship since high school.
|
|
So
that
|
Oleh karena
itu
|
You
are beautiful so that everybody’s attracted to you.
|
|
Until
|
Sampai
|
You
have to wait until the bus comes.
|
|
As
|
Ketika
/ karena
|
Vina
fell down the stairs as she tried to get down.
|
|
After
|
Setelah
|
I
directly go to campus after taking a bath.
|
|
As if
|
Seolah-olah
|
She
talks as if knowing everything.
|
|
In
order that
|
Agar
/ supaya
|
You
need to smile in order that she likes you.
|
|
Once
|
Segera
sesudah
|
Intan
called her boyfriend once he got a badnews.
|
|
Because
of
|
Karena
|
My
roommate is screaming because of the sudden dark.
|
|
Because
|
Karena
|
She
did not come today because she is sick.
|
|
Unless
|
Kecuali
jika
|
You
may sign the attendance list unless you come on time.
|
|
If
|
Jika
|
I
won’t give them a mercy if I were you.
|
|
Than
|
Daripada
|
You’d
better find the solution soon than complaining.
|
|
As
long as
|
Selama
|
You’re
allowed to live here as long as you pay the monthly fee.
|
|
As
far as
|
Sejauh
|
As
far as I concerned, he can do whatever he likes with the money.
|
[1]
Penjelasan dalam buku ini sangat singkat, untuk lebih jelasnya silahkan
pelajari buku Modern English, a
Practical Reference Guide karya Marcella
Frank
[2]
Sebenarnya correlative conjunction itu ada banyak sekali. Namun yang biasa
digunakan adalah yang disebutkan ini. Untuk lebih jelasnya silahkan buka Essentials of English Grammar karya
Drs. Fuad Mas’ud.